The key to successful investing is developing your knowledge in the markets and to take things slowly and methodically. Commodities trading is no different. It is an exciting market which, if you are preapred to put in the time and effort, can be very lucrative, but always be aware that risks lurk in the shadows just like any other investment.
Physical Trading
Physical commodities trading is buying and selling the actual commodity itself not some sort of derivative instrument like a futures contract. There are obvious downsides to this method namely storage costs, insurance costs and shipping costs.
The physical market, for our purposes, focuses on those commodities that are easily stored, bought and traded for the average investor. These are such things as Gold, Platinum, Palladium and Silver.
The most popular method of trading such items on a retail basis is in the purchase of coins. There are many companies on the web that provide services for the purchase of coins for collectors and speculators.
The internet, of course, has given investors many options for the purchase, storage and trading of gold coins however, our favourite example of trading gold on the web is Bullion Vault. They allow the purchase and storage of gold in small quantities and have an efficient trading system. They hold $290mn of gold for clients and appear to have a very good reputation.
Leverage
If you didn't know the term 'leverage' before the current financial mess, you do now. For those who need a refresher, here is how it works. Let’s say you buy £100,000 of gold and whomever you buy it off only needs you to put down a 10% deposit, £10,000. Let’s say gold goes up 10%. You now have gold worth £110,000, if you sell it now you pay back the £90,000 you borrowed and you get your original £10k back along with your £10k profit. Basically you have turned a 10% gain in the price to a 100% gain on your investment.
Obviously if the price dropped 10% you lose your money, hence the mess that some are in at the moment.
Physical Commodities on Leverage.
There are still some companies around that provide leverage on physical commodities across a range of products, however, the costs associated with trading, such as interest on loans, storage and insurance fees have made the product less attractive to the active trader. Having filled a gap in the market for some time the product was overtaken by some of the instruments mentioned below.
ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds)
More accurately described as 'Exchange Traded Commodities' these instruments take into account all the fees such as storage etc associated with trading. They trade like shares are liquid.
An Exchange Traded Commodity is an investment vehicle that tracks the performance of an underlying commodity or basket of commodities. ETCs work on exactly the same principle as ETFs – with the ETC tracking the performance of a single underlying commodity or a group of associated commodities. Single commodity ETCs follow the spot-price of a single commodity, whilst 'index-tracking ETCs' follow the movement of a group of associated commodities, such as cattle, energy or livestock.
ETCs offer the commodities trader a number of inherent advantages without the associated vagaries of trading an individual stock:
Direct exposure to the commodities markets – the value of your investment will rise and fall in direct proportion to the price of the underlying commodity.
Liquidity - ETCs are ‘open ended’ securities, which are created and redeemed on-demand. This means that the supply of ETCs is unlimited and that price changes will accurately mirror developments in the price of the underlying commodity.
Stamp duty & CGT - ETCs are not shares and so trades are exempt from stamp duty. Furthermore, ETCs can be traded within ISA accounts, allowing you to shelter your profit from Capital Gains Tax.
Low dealing costs - ETCs are traded on the regular stock exchange, making them both accessible and affordable – they can be traded through your share dealing service for a commission.
Portfolio diversification – ETCs give broad representation across entire commodity sectors and different geographic regions.
Futures
A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell your chosen commodity at a specific date in the future - at today’s prevailing market price. These markets are highly liquid and the contracts can be sold on again at any point before the final delivery date, i.e. the day when the farmer or miner will deliver the raw materials to the person holding the contract.
The producers and end-users are still present in today’s markets, but it is the traders and speculators who are now responsible for most of the volume that keeps the market liquid.
The main benefit of trading futures is that you are making a direct investment into the underlying raw material and your future profit or loss is entirely dependent upon fluctuations in the underlying commodity price.
Going back to leverage, most futures trading is done ‘on margin’, which dramatically increases potential profits (and losses, remember).
Shares
Exposure to the commodities market can be gained from buying and selling companies whose business it is to mine, distribute or trade in commodities that you are interested in.
The shares are, generally, liquid and accessible for trading, the problem, however, is that there are many other factors that could effect the share price that may not have anything to do with the underlying commodity. These could be management issues, cash flow, macro economic issues and geo-political issues.
CFDs and Spread betting.
CFDs and Spread betting are easily accessible trading instruments which are essentially derivatives of many of the above, however spreads and dealing costs can be harsh to investors.
Technical Phrases
You will hear such phrases as 'contango' and 'backwardation'.
Contango is a term used in the futures market to describe an upward sloping forward curve (as in the normal yield curve). One says that such a forward curve is "in contango" (or sometimes "contangoed").
Formally, it is the situation where, and the amount by which, the price of a commodity for future delivery is higher than the spot price, or a far future delivery price higher than a nearer future delivery.
Backwardation is a futures market term: the situation in which, and the amount by which, the price of a commodity for future delivery is lower than the spot price, or a far future delivery price lower than a nearer future delivery. One says that the forward curve is "in backwardation" (or sometimes: "backwardated").
Commodities trading has many aspects that set it apart from trading other markets and for those that become learned in the trading of the instruments it can be lucrative. Commodity traders over the last few years have seen huge swigs in price which have lead to large profits (and no doubt some large losses).
Currently the global market in commodities is in a state of flux. Gold, for example, is seen as a safe haven against inflation and uncertain times, hence it recent volatility.
Having worked in commodities for some years it was always noted that volatility is our friend, whether a price is going up or down there is money to be made, when commodities are flat there is not much action and the cost of trading out ways the potential profits.
For the foreseeable future volatility is definitely here to stay. Stock market issues and global recessionary fears on the one side and continued development of emerging markets using vast amounts of the world resources on the other, will see volatility in this market for many years to come. This, therefore, as a market to learn about and trade ,is a very interesting and potentially lucrative proposition.
As with all trading, however, there is a very real possibility that trading commodities, especially on leverage, could lose your portfolio a lot of money and you should be aware that it is highly risky. Do not risk more money than you can afford to lose and make sure you have a system that allows you to use limits and stops to contain this risk.
The online trading system available from HF Markets allows you to trade all of the above with assistance, if required, from a professional regulated broker who can guide your initial trading strategies and help you become familiar with trading this exciting area of investment.
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